Before Building a Financial Plan, Put Your Four Cornerstones in Place

By Dwayne Grady, Vice President, Goldman Sachs Personal Financial Management

Every so often I get a new client who’s eager to start investing. Sometimes, maybe a little too eager. Because as we talk, they inevitably mention being interested in a handful of companies. A lot of the time they’re talking about “hot stocks” that were once just a few dollars a share and are now trading for astronomically high prices.

I do understand the appeal of such stocks. The thought of potentially turning a small investment into a small fortune with little effort is quite appealing. But looking at a stock that’s risen sharply in a short time and expecting any one of hundreds of other stocks to repeat that lightning strike is fraught with risk. And it’s not a long-term investing strategy. It’s gambling.

Being invested in stocks like that at just the right moment is far more complicated than it seems. Successfully trading such a stock takes a lot of luck and impeccable timing, both of which are impossible to predict.

And while it might have worked out for your brother-in-law or your neighbor down the street, let’s be honest that hindsight is always 20/20. You’re looking back at a dramatic price increase in a stock that was far from inevitable before it began.

But those handful of companies get an awful lot of attention. And I know people want to get on with the fun part of investing – watching their investments increase in value. But there’s work to be done first. You have to establish a foundation.

I call that foundation the “four cornerstones” of financial planning.

What is a financial “cornerstone”?

Think about a cornerstone for a moment. When a building is under construction, the first stone laid down is called the cornerstone. It’s a critical part of the building, the foundation that the entire structure rests on.

Just as in construction, you need cornerstones when building a financial plan. I believe the key to putting any plan on solid footing means starting with a foundation that consists of four cornerstones: cash reserves, insurance, equity assets, and fixed assets. The first two are the ones you live by. While the last two are those you grow by. Let’s take a look at them.

Two cornerstones to live by

I like to refer to these first two cornerstones as the ones you “live by” because they’re part of your everyday finances. These are the basic building blocks that should be in place before you do anything else. 

The first is your cash reserves, having enough money set aside to cover all your living expenses for a minimum of three months. Preferably six months. The second is insurance (or risk management) to protect what you’re building.

Cash reserves. This first cornerstone is the most important. Cash reserves are used to protect you in the event of an emergency or to take advantage of an investing opportunity. Your reserves should be sufficient to cover your fixed expenses for a minimum of three months. And what are fixed expenses? They include any expenses you must pay every month – rent or mortgage, car payment, utilities, and groceries. Ideally, you should have enough to cover six months, but you can start with three.

When you’re ready to start building your cash reserves, you might consider thinking of it in tiers, using different financial vehicles:

• You might put the smallest amount in your checking account, ideally an interest-bearing account.
• You might keep a larger amount in savings, since the interest rate is typically higher.
• Think about placing the largest share of your cash reserves in a money market account, where the interest rates are typically higher.

Insurance (risk management). While it might sound difficult or intimidating to “manage risk,” it really just means protecting yourself from the unexpected. In this case, protecting your finances from the unexpected means insurance. The key, of course, is to get the proper type of insurance, and the right amount of coverage. Too little, and you’re not protected. Too much, and you’re spending money you could use elsewhere

The amount and type of coverage you need will depend on your unique financial circumstances and goals – and we encourage you to reach out to your insurance specialist to tailor coverage to your needs. But for now, let’s break down at a high level the types of insurance you may need.

• Life insurance. Many people avoid life insurance because it means thinking about their own death. But you don’t get life insurance for yourself. You get it for your family. And there are two basic types: Term and Permanent.
• Term life. As the name implies, term life is temporary. You buy it for a fixed time period, the “term,” which can be 10, 20, or 30 years. When the term ends, the premiums end and so does the coverage. Though the cost of term life is often lower than other types of coverage, few term policies result in a death benefit because policyholders usually outlive the term.
• Permanent coverage. Coverage such as Whole Life and its variations provide coverage for your entire life, and the higher premiums reflect that. In general, though, the younger you are when you buy the policy, the lower the premiums will be.
• Property & Casualty. For many people, their home is their most valuable asset. So you need to protect that investment. It can also be a good idea to have a periodic review to help ensure your property is adequately covered at the lowest cost. Once you’ve saved enough to reach your cash reserve goal, you should be able to handle a higher deductible, helping to lower your annual premium.
• Disability. Disability insurance is often the most overlooked type of coverage, yet among the most important. Because your ability to earn an income is one of your most valuable assets, disability protects you by paying a benefit in the event you are no longer able to work. Think of it as owning the goose that laid golden eggs. Disability insurance can help make sure those eggs keep coming, no matter what.
• Long-term care insurance. What happens if you’re unable to work or care for yourself? Long-term coverage pays a benefit so you get the care you need, without having to deplete your assets.

Two cornerstones to grow by

With your first two cornerstones in place, you can turn to the remaining two – the cornerstones you’ll grow by. The first of these cornerstone is equity assets, basically ownership of an asset, including stocks and real estate. The second is fixed assets, what I like to call “lendership,” including government, municipal, and corporate bonds.

An advisor who understands your overall goals, time frame, and risk tolerance can help devise a diversified portfolio of equity and fixed assets to meet your needs. Let’s take a closer look at each of these cornerstones.